The recommended protein intake is 0.8 to 1 gram per kilogram of body weight per day. 1 gram of protein contains 4 kcal of energy. Proteins are composed of amino acids and are available in food sources like meats, dairy foods, legumes, vegetables, and grains. Proteins are essential macronutrients that contribute to structural and mechanical function, regulate processes in the cells and body, and provide energy if necessary. Optimal carbohydrate intake consists of fiber-rich, nutrient-dense whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes, and added sugar. Some carbohydrates are more nutritious than others. The recommended fiber intake is greater than 38 g for men and 25 g for women, which is the intake that research has observed to lower the risk of coronary artery disease. For healthy children and adults, carbohydrates should make up approximately 45 to 65% of energy intake based on the minimum required glucose for brain function. However, they play a major role in gut health and function and can be digested by microbiota in the large intestine. Fibers are plant polysaccharides like pectin and cellulose found in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and legumes but are not digestible by humans. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals and is present in the liver and muscle, but there is little to none in the diet. Starches like amylose are in grains, starchy vegetables, and legumes and consist of glucose monomers. ![]() Polysaccharides include greater than ten sugar units and consist of starches, glycogen, and fibers, like pectin and cellulose. Oligosaccharides consist of 3 to 10 sugar units and include raffinose and stachyose, which are in legumes. Lactose is a carbohydrate found in milk, and sucrose is basic table sugar. Disaccharides contain two sugar units and include lactose, sucrose, and maltose. Glucose is the primary form to which carbohydrates become metabolized in humans. Monosaccharides are the basic building blocks of all carbohydrates and include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Carbohydrates are ingested in the form of simple carbohydrates, like monosaccharides and disaccharides, or complex carbohydrates, like oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Carbohydrates are present in plant-based foods like grains, fruits, vegetables, and milk. Carbohydrates also play roles in gut health and immune function. Ĭarbohydrates are essential macronutrients that are the primary source of energy for humans 1 gram of carbohydrate contains 4 kcal of energy. This article will review the following biochemical aspects of the essential nutrients: fundamentals, cellular, molecular, function, testing, and clinical significance. Microminerals are those nutrients required in amounts less than 100 mg per day and include iron, copper, zinc, selenium, and iodine. Sodium, potassium, and chloride are also electrolytes. ![]() Macrominerals are required in amounts greater than 100 mg per day and include calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride. Minerals can classify as macrominerals or microminerals. The essential fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, E, D, and K. The essential water-soluble vitamins include vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, and C. Vitamins are organic micronutrients classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. Vitamins and minerals are considered micronutrients and play essential roles in metabolism. Water is required in large amounts but does not yield energy. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are considered macronutrients and serve as a source of energy. There are six major classes of nutrients essential for human health: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrients are chemical substances required by the body to sustain basic functions and are optimally obtained by eating a balanced diet.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |